What Are 'Special Needs' in Special Needs Trusts?

Government programs like Medicaid and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) provide essentials, such as medical care, food, clothing and shelter. Special needs trusts are designed to supplement, not replace, this kind of basic support. Such trusts pay for anything the trust document provides for, including comforts and luxuries that meager public assistance funds don't cover.

What are these "special needs?" A special needs trust has been likened to a "parent's pocket" – that is, it pays for the kinds of things that a parent would just reach into their pocket to cover.

These trusts typically pay for things like education, recreation, counseling, and medical attention beyond the simple necessities of life. (However, the trustee can use trust funds for things like clothing and shelter if the trustee decides doing so is in the beneficiary's best interest despite a possible loss or reduction in public assistance.)

Here are some examples of expenses that a special needs trust might cover:

• Medical and dental expenses not covered elsewhere
• Special equipment like wheelchairs or specially-equipped vans
• Therapy or rehabilitation services
• Training and education
• Travel, which can include the cost of a companion
• Recreation and entertainment (summer camp, movies or social events, videos, sports equipment)
• Electronic equipment and appliances, computers
• Payments for a companion
• Legal or guardianship expenses
• Insurance
• Burial expenses